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In 1199 King John came to the throne, having been named as heir by his brother Richard I ("Lionheart") There was another possible heir: his nephew Arthur, son of his and Richard's eldest brother Geoffrey (long dead.) Arthur was captured by Philip II of France, who championed his claim to the throne against that of John, with whom France was at war. Later, in the fighting between England and France, Arthur ws recaptured by the English. John took him prisoner and he disappeared about 1202. It is not sure what happened to him, but he may well have been murdered.
In Shakespeare's version, John keeps Arthur a prisoner in a castle and orders a gaoler to put out his eyes with red-hot irons. The gaoler, Hubert, can't bring himself to do this, although he pretends to John that the boy is dead. John later wishes the deed undone, so then Hubert admits that Arthur is still alive. However, it is too late; Arthur tries to escape by jumping from the castle walls, and is killed.
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