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There is a long complicated explanation that I really don't understand myself. I know it has to do with the Aufban Principal, which states that electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy level. When asked question about which levels fill first always use this chart.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
Read the chart on a diagonal moving from upper right to lower left.
For example: 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,4f,5d,5f,ect...
This shows the orbitals from lowest amount of energy to the highest
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
Read the chart on a diagonal moving from upper right to lower left.
For example: 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,4f,5d,5f,ect...
This shows the orbitals from lowest amount of energy to the highest
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Other person is right. The 5S has a lower energy level than the 4d despite what you may think. You just have to go by a chart when filling shells.
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