I HOPE THIS HELPS BECAUSE I KNOW NOTHING ABOUT STATISTICS.
applications of statistics in other fields are underlined.
According to Wikipedia:
Statistics is a
mathematical science pertaining to the collection,
analysis,
interpretation or
explanation, and presentation of
data. Also with
prediction and
forecasting based on data. It is applicable to a
wide variety of academic disciplines, from the
natural and
social sciences to the
humanities,
government and
business.
Acccording to Webster's-Online-Dictionary.org:
Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics which includes the
planning, summarizing, and
interpreting of uncertain observations. Because the aim of statistics is to produce the "best" information from available data, some authors make statistics a
branch of decision theory. As a
model of randomness or ignorance, probability theory plays a critical role in the development of statistical theory.
We describe our knowledge (and ignorance) mathematically and attempt to learn more from whatever we can observe. This requires us to
1. Plan our observations to control their variability (
experiment design),
2. Summarize a collection of observations to feature their commonality by suppressing details (
descriptive statistics), and
3. Reach consensus about what the observations tell us about the world we observe (
statistical inference).
In some forms of
descriptive statistics, notably
data mining, the second and third of these steps become so prominent that the first step (planning) appears to become less important. In these disciplines, data often are collected outside the control of the person doing the analysis, and the result of the analysis may be more an
operational model than a
consensus report about the world.
The
probability of an event is often defined as a number between one and zero rather than a percentage.
In reality however there is virtually nothing that has a probability of 1 or 0. You could say that the sun will certainly rise in the morning, but what if an extremely unlikely event destroys the sun? What if there is a nuclear war and the sky is covered in ash and smoke?
We often round the probability of such things up or down because they are so likely or unlikely to occur, that it's easier to recognise them as a probability of one or zero.
However, this can often lead to misunderstandings and dangerous behaviour, because people are unable to distinguish between, e.g., a probability of 10-4 and a probability of 10-9, despite the very practical difference between them. If you expect to cross the road about 105 or 106 times in your life, then reducing your risk per road crossing to 10-9 will make you safe for your whole life, while a risk per road crossing of 10-4 will make it very likely that you will have an accident, despite the intuitive feeling that 0.01% is a very small risk. Some
sciences use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include:
Biostatistics Business statistics Economic statistics Engineering statistics Population statistics Psychological statistics Social statistics (for all the
social sciences)
Process analysis and Chemometrics (for analysis of data from analytical chemistry and chemical engineering)
Statistics form a key basis tool in
business and manufacturing as well. It is used to
understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in "statistical process control" or SPC), for
summarizing data, and to
make data-driven decisions. In these roles it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.