How Many Miles Off-shore Is Considered US Territory?

"For general purposes, it is enough to realize
that in the United States there are four distinct zones to which jurisdiction (in a formal legal sense) applies.
The FIRST ZONE is for formal county jurisdiction (e.g., the
county sheriff can arrest you) and is limited to three miles offshore.
In California, these lines are listed in excruciating detail in
the California Government Code.
The SECOND ZONE is official state jurisdiction (e.g., Calif. Fish
& Game officers can arrest you). It is also limited to three
miles offshore except across a "closed bay in which case the state
can have much more extensive jurisdiction. For example, the Supreme Court found in "U.S. V. California, (1965) 381 US 139, 14 L.Ed.2d 296,
that Monterey Bay was a "closed bay and thus the State of California
had jurisdiction well beyond the usual 3-mile limit (goes to about
12 miles offshore at mid-Bay).
The THIRD ZONE is a zone of official United States sovereignty
(the FBI can arrest you). Under international law this is now
12 nautical miles from the nearest point of land (including islands;
sometimes farther when "closed bay lines are involved).
The FOURTH ZONE is the zone of internationally recognized
jurisdiction [the "Exclusive Economic Zone" or EEZ]
over seabed and fisheries resources. Although any nation's ship can transit the waters under the doctrine of "freedom of the seas, the nation with the jurisdiction may regulate fishing, seabed mining, oil drilling, etc.
This jurisdiction is 200 nautical miles from the nearest point
of land, including islands." - Don Roberson

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That's not quite true, else the ChiComs wouldn't be drilling 60 nautical miles from the coast of Florida.

Generally the territorial zone of a country is 12 nautical miles, but this can be modified by regional or international agreements.

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