The temple of Diana or Artemis was one of the seven wonders of the Ancient world. It was built at Ephesus, Asia Minor in modern day Turkey. It was built in the sixth century BC during the time of the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. The temple was built by the Lydian King Croesus whose name has become a by word for wealth and riches. Diana or Artemis was honored as the goddess of fertility, wild animals and the hunt. According to Greek mythology Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and was the twin sister of Apollo.

The temple was destroyed in the 4th century BC though it was rebuilt again after the time of Alexander the Great. The goddess was widely worshipped throughout the Greek world and beyond with Ephesus being the most prominent center of worship. Ephesus was situated near what is today the port city of Izmir in present day Turkey. The Temple of Diana is also the name of a religious organization based on Wicca; it is also the name of a 19th century temple in Belgium.