The game which was played on the Flying Dutchman in 'Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest' was liar's dice, which is basically a form of Call My Bluff. The game is sometimes referred to as Dudo.
It is played between 2 and 4 players. Each has a set of dice which are rolled in secret. each player than places bids on what he or she is 'supposed' to have. In other words, a game of bluff.
At some point, a player will call another a Liar and the dice are shown. if the player has been lying then they lose a dice. Once a player has lost all of her/his dice, then they are excluded from the game.
The winner is the person remaining after the others have lost all their dice and thus been excluded.
There are three variants of this game, but all are played along similar lines to the above.