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A geographical information system (GIS) denotes specialist software (and sometimes hardware) for handling digital map data. The difference between a GIS and mere mapping software is that the former can perform a variety of analysis tasks, as well as simply mapping where things are.
GIS first developed in the late 1960s and originally the term denoted the combined hardware and software system. Examples of what a GIS can do would be to answer questions like "How far is it?" between two points, or "Where's the best location to put a new facility" given a set of many criteria. GIS can be used to find the best (fastest, prettiest, least stressful, etc.) route for a travelling salesman visiting many different clients. Using GIS it is relatively easy to overlap different types of map information and calculate the extent and location of areas with certain shared characteristics. The number of people, or animals living in those areas can be added up, or the average rainfall over a certain time period might be calculated.
GIS first developed in the late 1960s and originally the term denoted the combined hardware and software system. Examples of what a GIS can do would be to answer questions like "How far is it?" between two points, or "Where's the best location to put a new facility" given a set of many criteria. GIS can be used to find the best (fastest, prettiest, least stressful, etc.) route for a travelling salesman visiting many different clients. Using GIS it is relatively easy to overlap different types of map information and calculate the extent and location of areas with certain shared characteristics. The number of people, or animals living in those areas can be added up, or the average rainfall over a certain time period might be calculated.
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