How Do Cells Communicate?

Cells basically communicate with each other in four ways. The first way in which two cells communicate with each other is through direct contact. There can be direct cell-to-cell contact or contact between a cell and an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a layer of protein between a nerve and a muscle. The second way in which cells communicate is through short-range signals. These signals are usually proteins, and they are secreted by one cell and cover a short distance before they are recognised and interpreted by another cell.

The third way in which cells communicate with each other is through long-range signals. These signals are usually hormones. Hormones include testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. These hormones play an active role in controlling the development of a person during the stages of puberty. Hormones such as insulin control the metabolism of sugar in the body. People who suffer from diabetes have a problem with insulin.

Lastly, cells communicate with each other through complex messages sent out in the form of electrical and chemical signals. These messages are usually between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell. The points at which electrical signals are converted into chemical signals and then back into electrical signals are called synapses.