How Do You Read A Topographical Map?

A topographical map is a two-dimensional map that uses symbols to represent three-dimensional objects and features along a hiker's route.

"Topo" maps use contour lines, usually in brown ink, to depict the terrain. Each contour line depicts the same elevation along its length, and the elevation along those lines is given. Gentle terrain has contour intervals of five, 10,or 20 feet, while steeper, mountainous terrain has lines of 40-80 feet.

U.S. Geological Survey topos come in seven- or 15-minute intervals, with seven-minute maps providing more detail.

Every fourth or fifth contour line is printed in bold face and its elevation given. Widely spaced contour lines indicate the terrain is flat or has moderate inclines; closely spaced lines mean hilly terrain. Smoothly curving lines mean a slope is fairly even, while jagged ones mean rough terrain.

Contour lines forming a V shape pointing uphill depict a steep-sided valley, canyon, or drainage. If the V points downhill, it is a narrow ridge crest.

Most topos have green shading indicating vegetation. Peaks are indicated with a X and elevation numbers.

When reading a topo, orient it to the north, according to the symbol on the map and the area's landmarks.