What Artificial Sweeteners Are There?

It depends how you define "artificial".  For this list, consider honey, xylitol and other tree saps, lactose, fructose and sucrose ("sugar") to be "natural"; the rest we''ll call artificial.  Calorie-free items are starred (*).

* Acesulfame potassium, or Ace K.  E950.  A potassium salt of a very complicated molecule.  Usually mixed with aspartame or sucralose, in very many fizzy diet drinks.

* Aspartame Deserves 5000 words on its own, marketed as Nutrasweet.  A non-calorie controversial sweetener, chemical components are partial amino acids.

Dextrose An isomer of glucose, usually manufactured from cornstarch.

High fructose corn syrup from fermented corn starch, distilled off.  Chemically, it's 50% fructose and 50% sucrose.

Maltodextrin a moderately sweet dextrin, usually made from cornstarch in the USA, or wheat/barley in Europe.  Dextrins are a type of gluey carbohydrate used as fillers.

* Neotame Similar to aspartame in formulation.

* Saccharin  The oldest artifical sweetener (used since 1880). Bladder cancer scare in rats, but by a bio-mechanism that is believed to not exist in humans.  Often mixed with aspartame.

* Sucralose Chlorine added to sucrose.