The condition required to set up and maintain the flow of an electric current are therefore as follows; 1. there must be a source of e.m.f. to provide the energy which forces electrons to move in a disliked way in a specific direction; and 2. There must be a continuous external path for the electrons … Read more

Duplicate purchase invoice.While examining the invoice, if auditor comes across the invoices marked "true copy of invoice" or "duplicate invoice", he should satisfy himself hat they were obtained in respect of only those invoices which have actualloy6 been lost or mislaid to avoids he same being accounted for twice in the books. For acquiring such … Read more

The one of major source of external energy which can used to separate outer orbit electrons away from their parent atom is PRESSURE. Whenever you speak into a telephone or any similar type of microphone, the pressure waves of the sound energy which your voice generates make a diaphragm move. This diaphragm movement can be … Read more

The first source of external energy which can separate electrons away from their parent atom is HEAT. It is most common way of using heat for this purpose is to apply it to the junction of two dissimilar metals. If an iron wire and a copper wire are twisted together to form a junction, for … Read more

Memorandum of association is the basic document of a joint stock company. It is known as the charter of the company. Memorandum of association sets out the limits outside which the company cannot go.The main purpose of the memorandum of association is to enable shareholders, creditors and all those who deal with the company to … Read more

A joint account is the special bank account which is opened in the name of two or more persons. For drawing of the account of the amount, all the persons in whose name the account stand, should sign the cheque, however, if the parties like, by agreement they can allow any one of them to … Read more

The debentures are classified on the basis of the terms and conditions of their issue by the company. The main categories of debentures are as under. 1. ORDINARY OR NAKED DEBENTURE. Ordinary or naked debentures are those which do not carry any security in respect the repayment of interest or the principal. These have no … Read more

Numerous group solicit proposals; the federal government one of the largest requesters for proposals. These requests may appear in trade publications or newspapers, or on occasion a request for proposal is directly toward a company with specific expiries. Proposal topics are varied like; • To sell property, such as airplane, machines, buildings. • To construct … Read more

The sole ownership means the business unit ownership and management is under control of one person. The sole trader is also called sole proprietorship or one man business. In sole trader the owner is not only the owner the all capital but also take all profit or loss responsibility. In sole trader the owner has … Read more

The sole trader ship means the business unit ownership and management is under control of one person. The sole trader is also called sole proprietorship or one man business. In sole trader the owner is not only the owner the all capital but also take all profit or loss responsibility. In sole trader the owner … Read more

PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS The partnership business is the relationship between two to fifty persons who agree to run a common business with the view to earn the profit. The partnership act 1932 of Pakistan clearly mention that in banking business the partner must be between 2 to 10 & in limited partnership the no of member … Read more

A company which is formed and registered under the companies ordinance 1948 of Pakistan is know as a registered company. The companies' ordinance provides registration of the following two types of companies. • Company limited by shares • Company limited by guarantee. A joint stock company is a voluntary association formed by people to carry … Read more

A company is a voluntary association formed by people to carry on a certain business for profit. People contribute their capital in forms of the shares in the company. Company works in its own name under a common seal. It has separate entity from its members. The analysis of the various definitions of a company … Read more

Packaging consists of all the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. Labelling is the part of a product that carriers information about the product and the seller. A label may be part of a package, or it may be a tag attached to the product. Obviously there is a … Read more

Motivation refers to the discovery and utilization of the stimuli that would bring the desired pattern in particular individual or group of individuals. Basically motivation is an important element of the management function called direction. As a matter motivation is of great importance. It replaces the old management function of commanding. In commercial enterprises motivation … Read more

The special business report can be classified into two categories. The short report and long report, also called the informal and formal reports. The short report may range from short statement of facts presented on a single page to a longer presentation taking several pages. The short, informal, report is usually submitted in the form … Read more

Planning is a basic managerial function. It involves deciding on a course of action in advance. Planning is deciding what is to be done, where and how the work is to be done and who will do the particular task. We can say plan is to produce schemes for future action, to bring about specified … Read more

Selling is a very vital function of business firms. The major objectives of business enterprises include profit earning or maximizing, increasing the wealth of owners and promoting public welfare. All these objectives depend on money, which comes through profit that is earned by sale, which are generated by selling. Selling refers to a systematic process … Read more

Planning is a basic managerial function. It involves deciding on a course of action in advance. Planning is deciding what is to be done, where and how the work is to be done and who will do the particular task. We can say plan is to produce schemes for future action, to bring about specified … Read more

Finance is the base of the business. It is require to purchase assets and for the flow of economic activities. It is in fact the life blood and nerve center of industrial and commercial enterprises. Business finance may be defined as the provision of money at the time when it is needed by a business … Read more